Lobby 中文

游说集团（英語：Lobbying），又称院外集团或政治游说，是嘗試影響立法人員或立法機構成員的政治決定或行為。遊說由許多不同類型的人員、組織與團體，包括私人機構、企業、部分已經同意遊說目的的立法人員、政府人員或利益團體進行。遊說人員可能是某個選舉區的投票者或已經形成共識的某個團體，也可能是一家公司員工。專業的遊說人員可以代表他們的客戶去影響立法、行政法規、政府決策、行為或政策。個人或非營利組織也可能進行遊說，比如一家公司總裁為了一項計畫與某位代表會談，一個積極份子可能為了某個理念跟立法人員倡議某項法案，政府時常會界定並管制有影響力的遊說團體。

Fortuna casinofortuna casino is located in the hotel lobby and basement served with baccarat table games, big - small table games and blackjack table games. You are welcome to play any of the exciting games round - the - clock.

美國[编辑]

Lobby中文:游說議員，點擊查查權威綫上辭典詳細解釋lobby的中文翻譯，lobby的發音，音標，用法和例句等。 lobby中文,lobby是什麼意思,lobby發音和翻譯::游說議員. Dictionary definitions: 'Lobbying' (also 'lobby') is a form of advocacy with the intention of influencing decisions made by the government by individuals or more usually by lobby groups; it includes all attempts to influence legislators and officials, whether by other legislators, constituents, or organized groups.; A 'lobbyist' is a person who tries to influence legislation on behalf of a. Care for and water plants at Common Areas and Lobby. The whole lobby was a perfect pandemonium, and the din was terrific. 整个门厅一片嘈杂, 而且喧嚣刺耳. Ungef & auml; hr ein Dutzend Polizisten begleitete uns in die Lobby. 2019年12月四级真题（第一套）听力 Section A. The fossil hall, which displays some of the world's oldest and largest fossil specimens, receives more than 2 million visitors each year. 2019年12月四级真题（第一套）听力 Section A. The winner of this year's competition will be awarded a.

美国议会政治中很有代表性的政治现象。很多为利益集团代言、也有不少遊說集團也同時為公眾利益代言，对拥有立法权的参議院、众議院两院的议员进行游说，并从受益集团获取经济利益，这在美国的政治中心城市已经形成了一个产业链。其代表人物是杰克·阿布拉莫夫，有美国游说业“教父”之称。

相關[编辑]

• 戰國策《說難》韓非
• 《攻敵必救》 2009年美國電影，劇情描述遊說團體之間的競爭

參考文獻[编辑]

• Joos, Klemens: Lobbying in the new Europe. Successful representation of interests after the Treaty of Lisbon, 244 pages, ISBN 978-3-527-50597-5, Wiley VCH 2011
• Geiger, Andreas: EU Lobbying handbook, A guide to modern participation in Brussels, 244 pages, ISBN 3-9811316-0-6, Helios Media GmbH, 2006
• GLOSSARY - Alphabetical list of terms associated with the Lobbying industry
• The Bulletin, 16 March 2006, p. 14, Lobbying Europe: facts and fiction
• The European Lawyer, December 2005/January 2006, p. 9, The lobbyists have landed
• Financial Times, 3 October 2005, p. 8, Brussels braces for a U.S. lobbying invasion
• Public Affairs News, November 2004, p. 34, Judgement Call
• The European Lawyer, December 2004/January 2005, p. 26, Lifting the lid on lobbying
• Pier Luigi Petrillo, Democracies under Pressures. Lobbies and Parliaments in a comparative public law, Giuffrè 2011 (www.giuffre.it)
• Pietro Semeraro, I delitti di millantato credito e traffico di influenza,ed. Giuffre, Milano,2000.
• Pietro Semeraro, Trading in Influence and Lobbying in the Spanish Criminal Code, PDF
• Wiszowaty, Marcin: Legal Regulation of Lobbying in New Members States of the European Union, Arbeitspapiere und Materialien - Forschungsstelle Osteuropa an der Universitat Bremen, No. 74: Heiko Pleines (ed.): Participation of Civil Society in New Modes of Governance. The Case of the New Member States. Part 2: Questions of Accountability. February 2006 (PDF)
• Heiko Kretschmer/ Hans-Jörg Schmedes: Enhancing Transparency in EU Lobbying? How the European Commission's Lack of Courage and Determination Impedes Substantial Progress, Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft 1/ 2010, S. 112-122
• Lobbying. BBC News: Politics (London: BBC). 22 December 2005 [2007-01-30].
• Police loans inquiry is widenened. BBC News: Politics (London: BBC). 30 March 2006 [2007-01-30].

延伸阅读[编辑]

[在维基数据编辑]

《欽定古今圖書集成·理學彙編·學行典·游說部》，出自《古今圖書集成》

外部連接[编辑]

• Lobbying (Politics)在《大英百科全书》在线版的页面 （英文）

美國[编辑]

• Lobbyists.info - The largest, comprehensive database of 22,000 registered lobbyists. Contains searchable profiles of lobbyists and government relations professionals, their clients and issues.
• Top 25 Lobbying Groups. [2017-02-09]. （原始内容存档于2002-12-03）. - Fortune listed the top 25 lobbying groups in 1999.
• LobbyWatch - a project of the Center for Public Integrity with reports on lobbyists and lobbying efforts as well as a searchable database.
• NoLobby.com - Capitalism Magazine mini-site. Opposes lobbying restrictions on free speech grounds.
• The Citizen's Guide to the U.S. Government - an online tutorial containing information for individuals who wish to address issues with their elected officials.
• Free Speech National Right to Life page containing documents opposing excessive regulation of 'lobbying' as infringement on 'right to petition' guaranteed by the First Amendment.
• First Street Research Group powered by https://web.archive.org/web/20120115155817/http://firststreet.cqpress.com/ - reports and analysis on the lobbying industry

Lobby中文动词

歐洲[编辑]

• The Lobby Ticker - website of independent Austrian MEP Hans-Peter Martin with original lobbyist invitations and voting recommendations he received
• euroXpress www.euroxpress.es
• Alliance for Lobbying Transparency - UK based campaign
• OECD: Special Session on Lobbying: Enhancing Transparency and Accountability 7–8 June 2007

Lobby中文verb

Lobby 中文